Knowing the details of the interaction between people and runoff flows caused by heavy rainfall or by floods due for example by the rupture of reservoirs or dams is essential to prevent accidents with humans. There are information in the literature on the equilibrium capacity of individuals partially immersed in flows occurring in flat-bottomed channels, but there are many gaps regarding the use of urban Draining staircases during the occurrence of rainfalls that generate runoff over their steps, and their impact on people. This study considered the effect of the flow on the stability of five obstacles positioned on one of the steps of a reduced model of a Draining staircase. The results were used to calculate dimensionless parameters which involve the mass and height of the obstacle, the water density, critical depth of the flow and step height. These parameters were justified by a fundamental toppling and drag formulation, and good correlations between the obtained dimensionless parameters were obtained following adequate power laws. Comparisons between the data obtained in the present reduced model of staircase and literature data of flat bottom channels showed similar behaviors. Finally, a scaling procedure to compare results of different scales and situations was also presented. Excellent correlations using different literature data and those of the present study were obtained.

Purpose: Circulatory system is very important because of injection, Blood transfer and centeral venous catheter insertion. The superficial veins, especially the external jugular vein (EJV) are increasingly being utilized for cannulation to conduct diagnostic procedures or intravenous therapies. The anomalous drainage of veins is of great significance for vascular surgeons and reconstructive surgery. Materials and Methods: During the dissection of right neck area a approximately 50 years old male for educational purposes, we found an abnormally coursing facial vein which has joined the external Jugular vein. Result: In this anomalous case, the facial vein crossed the base of the mandible just posterior to the facial artery , lying deep to platysma, coursing obliquely over the sternocleidomastoid (S.C.M) muscle and joined the (EJV) 8cm inferior of mandibular angle. The retromandibular vein did not split into anterior and posterior division. It joined withe the posterior auricular vein to form the (EJV). external jugular vein decended obliquely across the S.C.M and drained into the subclavian vein in the posterior triangle On the other side of the neck facial vein and retromandibulra vein had normal courses.Conclusion: Knowledge of anomalous drainage of the facial vein is therefore important to avoid an inappropriate dissection which may cause sever damage.

Background: Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a distinct subset of T cells with a receptor composed of γ and δ chains. Their ability to directly recognize stress-induced molecules and non-peptide antigens expressed by cancer cells, along with their capacity to produce cytokines and interact with other immune cells, makes them potentially significant contributors to immune-based treatments.Objective: To investigate the presence and frequency of Tγδ cells in tumor-Draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer (BC), and to assess their association with prognostic parameters.Methods: Forty-nine fresh tumor-Draining lymph nodes from untreated patients with BC were minced to obtain single cells. The cells were surface-stained with anti-CD3, anti-TCRγδ, and anti-HLA-DR antibodies, then acquired on a four-color FACSCalibur flow cytometer, and analyzed by FlowJo software.Results: On average, 2.07% ± 1.99% of CD3+ lymphocytes in regional nodes of BC exhibited a γδ T phenotype. A considerable percentage of these cells (37.90% ± 24.42%) expressed HLA-DR. Statistical analysis revealed that while the frequency of γδ T cells showed no variation among patients with different prognoses, the HLA-DR+ subset was higher in T4 patients than in T2 patients (p=0.031). These cells also tended to be increased in stage III compared to stage II (p=0.077).Conclusion: The data collectively indicated an association of HLA-DR expressing γδ T cells with prognostic factors related to tumor progression (higher T-group and stage), suggesting their potential involvement in disease progression. However, future research, including longitudinal studies with larger cohorts, needs to validate these findings and elucidate the functional roles of γδ T cells in the immune response against BC.

Background: Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, as essential parts of the adaptive immune system, play pivotal roles in anti-tumor immune responses. It is well documented that cytokine expression profiles and activation status of these cells during anti-tumor immune responses affect the outcome of host-tumor interaction. Objective: To investigate the percentages of CD8+ lymphocytes and their subsets in tumor Draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer. Methods: Forty-five patients with bladder cancer, candidate for radical cystectomy, were recruited. Mononuclear cells were isolated from Draining lymph nodes using Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation, and were activated by PMA/Ionomycin in the presence of Golgi inhibitors. The cells were then permeabilized and stained with appropriate flourochrome conjugated antibodies against CD3, CD8, IFN-γ , IL-17 and IL-4 molecules. Data were collected on a fourcolor flow cytometer and analyzed by CellQuestPro software. Results: Despite no difference in the frequency of IL-17 producing CD8+ (Tc17) lymphocytes, the mean expression of IL-17 in this subset was significantly elevated in high-grade patients (p=0. 011). The percentage of double positive IFN-γ /IL-17 CD8+ lymphocytes was also significantly increased in node positive patients compared to node negative ones (p=0. 046). Our results also demonstrated that the percentage of IFN-γ producing CD8+ (Tc1) lymphocytes was significantly increased in the patients with higher histological grade compared to those with lower ones (p=0. 038). Conclusion: IFN-γ and IL-17 producing CD8+ T cells may increase in advanced stages of bladder cancer, but their correlation with tumor prognosis remains to be investigated.

This paper reveals the results of a study of vortex air core formation (Rankine vortex) when a rotated liquid (water) column in a cylindrical vessel is drained through two ports located at equal eccentricity (e) at the vessel base (diameter, 𝑑 1and 𝑑 2) simultaneously; 𝑑 1is fixed whereas 𝑑 2 is varied. Just before Draining, a rotation (n rpm) is provided to the liquid column in controlled conditions. As Draining progresses, when the liquid level reaches certain height called critical height (ℎ 𝑐 ), initially a surface dip forms which further develops in to a vortex extending down till the drain port. Results show that critical height increases as the fluid rotation rate increases at the lowest eccentricity. But, at higher eccentricities, ℎ 𝑐 , exhibits more or less an increasingdecreasing trend in most of the cases studied. Critical height is observed to be minimum for the largest value of 𝑑 2 (equal to 𝑑 1 ) irrespective of the values of the speed of fluid rotation, liquid initial height and port eccentricity. To particularly note, at the highest eccentricity, vortex formation is found to be completely suppressed for all values of port diameter (𝑑 2) and initial fluid rotation (n) as indicated by the near-zero critical height values. The tangential velocity measurements using Particle Image Velocimetry are also reported. PIV results obtained for certain cases with induced fluid rotation (normal Draining and faster Draining) correlate well with the changes in the efflux (axial) velocity (deduced analytically) in these cases studied. The tangential velocity along radial direction obtained (PIV) also indicated the type of vortex formed in normal and faster Draining cases. Video visualization of vortex formation carried out reveals that, vortex air core switching takes place between the drain ports maintaining an arched or curvilinear surface profile apart from demonstrating the nature of outlet flow discharge. All the vortex air core formation studies so far carried out were invariably with single drain port except the preliminary novel study by the same author group and the present study is a detailed extension of that novel study.

This paper sought to look critically at Iran’, s teacher training courses (TTCs) to discover the main problems and missing links. To this aim, twenty English teachers (8 men and 12 women) teaching general English courses at five private language institutes in Tehran and Mashhad participated in this study. Through a qualitative approach employing semi-structured interviews the needed data were collected and analyzed. It was worth mentioning that the researchers observed around 200 hours of teacher training courses in Iran for even delving deeper into the problem. By using inductive content analysis, the data were analyzed and the results and findings showed miscellaneous problems in Iran’, s teacher training courses. The main problems detected were Lack of THEORY, Lack of FREEDOM of CHOICE, Lack of SUPERVISION in the courses, Lack of Teacher REFLECTION, Lack of TECHNOLOGY in education, and Lack of consideration for teachers’,PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. This study had important implications for teacher trainers to work more on their theoretical knowledge and for teachers to choose the right courses for their professional development. Also, this study helps managers and lesson planners to hold better courses by eradicating these problems.

Coronary arteriography performed in a 42-year-old male patient showed communications from the left anterior descending artery to the right ventricle one month after a myocardial infarction. The area of communication did not correspond to the site of the infarction as established by electrocardiogram and previous angiography. Exactly how the fistula developed in our case remains unknown. Angiogenesis also suggests that myocardial infarction can lead to spontaneous formation of these coronary anomalies.